Metal Building Office Floor Plans – Unconditional Finite Difference Method for Dynamic Interaction of Wet Saturated Soil, Site-Pile-Paved Structure System and Its Shaking Table Analysis
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Daylight evaluation and energy consumption of wire mesh of building facades: a case study of an office building in Taiwan
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Yaw-Shyan Tsay Yaw-Shyan Tsay Scilit Preprints.org Google Scholar * , Chih-Hung Yang Chih-Hung Yang Scilit Preprints.org Google Scholar and Chiu-Yu Yeh Chiu-Yu Yeh Scilit Preprints.org Google Scholar
Received: July 10, 2022 / Revised: July 30, 2022 / Accepted: July 31, 2022 / Published: August 8, 2022
Recently, expanded clay mesh has been used in the facades of many buildings in Taiwan. Therefore, in this study, we evaluated the effect of expanded clay mesh on natural lighting and energy consumption in office buildings. First, the compatibility of the EnergyPlus and DIVA simulation software with expanded metal meshes was tested using field measurements. The results show a strong correlation between simulations and measurements, except for some periods of direct sunlight. After that, we evaluate the effect of window-to-wall ratio (WWR), glass and metal mesh on energy consumption and lighting. The results show that WWR has a significant impact on both lighting and energy consumption. The higher the WWR, the greater the energy saving potential of metal mesh and glass. If the SHGC of the glass is lower, the potential of the expanded metal mesh to save air conditioning energy consumption is lower, and as a result, the expanded metal mesh can increase the total energy consumption. Of the 36 cases simulated, three met the LEED lighting standards. The minimum energy consumption is achieved when SHGC = 50% using laminated transparent glass and expanded metal mesh with a perforation ratio of 21%.
Carbon dioxide emissions from the construction industry make up about 38 percent of global carbon dioxide emissions and energy consumption about 35 percent worldwide [1]. In 2015, the Taiwanese government announced the “Greenhouse Gas Reduction and Management Law”, which aims to reduce carbon dioxide emissions by 50% by 2050 compared to 2005.
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In Taiwan, according to statistics from the Taiwan Green Productivity Foundation, in 2020, 56.42% of the average energy consumption of office buildings was for air conditioning, 13.34% for lighting, and 9.81% for business supplies and other equipment. the share was 20.43 percent [2]. Therefore, to reduce the total energy consumption of office buildings in Taiwan, the main goal is to reduce the energy consumption related to air conditioning and lighting. Many office buildings tend to be designed with a large proportion of windows, and most building types in Taiwan are fully air-conditioned. There is a great opportunity to reduce the total energy consumption of an office building if external shading can be used together with natural light sources. In the Taiwan Green Building Label [3], one of the indicators is the energy-saving design of air-conditioning and lighting electricity for the largest electricity-consuming parts. The main focus of the evaluation is on the energy-saving design of the building shell, air conditioning efficiency design and lighting efficiency design.
In a humid subtropical climate, summers are usually long, hot and humid, while winters are mild and cool. Taiwan, Hong Kong and Singapore have these hot and humid climates. Therefore, many construction techniques and forms have been found to deal with these high temperatures and humidity [4, 5, 6]. For example, a widespread method is the use of a deep or external shade to reduce the solar radiation entering the room [7, 8]. Lau et al. [9] discussed the differences in the energy saving effects of using different external shading in high-rise office buildings with full glass curtains in Malaysia. Bellia et al. [10] studied the horizontal effect of external shading on the energy of office buildings in three different Italian climates. The results showed that the energy saving efficiency of shading devices is greater in hot and humid climates than in cold climates.
However, the use of external shading has many physical limitations. These aspects include blocking the view with shading devices, the effect on natural ventilation and the requirement for natural interior lighting. Many studies have shown that good natural light is beneficial for people’s work productivity, health and mood [11, 12, 13].
Kikuchi et al. [14] discussed the effects of horizontal shading of different depths on indoor lighting and energy consumption. The results showed that horizontal blinds installed outside block more sunlight; the demand for artificial lighting decreases, while the demand for air conditioning increases as shadows move indoors. Chi et al. [15] investigated the performance of a perforated shade with different perforation ratios, hole size and number in terms of lighting and building energy saving.
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As mentioned above, the use of external shading can reduce air conditioning energy consumption, but it can also reduce the amount of natural light entering, resulting in insufficient interior lighting and the need for additional lighting devices to achieve the desired light environment. Finding a balance between the quality of indoor lighting and the building’s energy consumption is worth considering and discussing [16, 17].
In recent years, expanded clay mesh has been used in many architectural cases as decorative elements for building facades and interiors. Expanded metal mesh is a sheet of metal that is cut and stretched by machine to produce a three-dimensional mesh of uniform size and shape. Its structure is stable and safe, the material is very weather resistant and the mesh adjustment is flexible [18]. In addition, this three-dimensional mesh can effectively block direct sunlight, reduce the penetration of solar radiation, and make the interior more comfortable and economical.
Owada et al. [19] investigated the effect of different sizes of wire mesh and two installation methods, up and down, on shading performance. The results showed that the installation method has different effects on solar shading. Studies on the relationship between perforation ratio (horizontal projection), expanded wire mesh mesh size, and shading show that wire mesh has better shading compared to general perforated material due to the three-dimensional shape of the perforation [20] , 21 ].
The research objective of this study was to investigate the benefits of natural light and energy consumption of air conditioning and lighting by applying expanded clay mesh to facades of office buildings in Taiwan’s climate. In this study, an expanded clay lattice installed on the facade of an office building was taken as a research object and the effect of the expanded clay lattice on the building’s indoor light environment and energy consumption was evaluated. In this study, we used real measurements to test the compatibility of the simulation software in extended wire mesh simulation and to validate the application of the software.
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This study is divided into two parts: the first is the interoperability of field measurements and simulation software, followed by the simulation of office building lighting and energy consumption (Figure 1).
The primary goal of software compatibility simulation is to ensure that the selected software and field measurements are reproducible for predicting indoor temperature and lighting when wire mesh is used in a building opening. As a result, field measurements and software simulations of construction situations were performed using expanded clay mesh; Then, after the compatibility is confirmed, the simulation of the second part is performed.
The screening process consisted of two steps. The first phase tested EnergyPlus-simulated thermal environmental parameters, including mean radiant temperature (MRT) and operating temperature (OT); in the second phase, DIVA’s indoor lighting simulation was tested.
In the simulation and evaluation of lighting and energy consumption, we use a medium-sized office building as a simulation case and further investigate the effects of three different variables, window-to-wall ratio (WWR), glass type.
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